Making References and Bibliographies

This posting is taken from http://folk.uio.no/hhasselg/Metode/references.htm

References

When you write an academic paper, it is common courtesy to acknowledge your sources. There are various ways of doing this, and here we give you one system. The list of references at the end of your paper must contain all the works you have quoted or made reference to or used in any other way in your paper. It is important that the reference is correct, because it should be possible for an interested reader to find the text you are referring to.

Quotations
A short quotation of up to 2-3 lines is put in quotation marks and integrated in the running text. The quotation is followed by a short reference to where it was taken from. This is an example of how you give a short quotation: “grammatical labels are very rarely appropriate for all instances of a category” (Halliday 2004: 199). The full reference of the book/article you are quoting from must be given in the reference list.

Longer quotations are written like this, with indentation. You do not use quotation marks, since the quotation is marked by the indentation. The reference to the work the quotation is taken from has to follow the quotation, as with shorter quotations. (author, year of publication, page number)

If you highlight a part of the quotation, you should state that the emphasis is your own, and did not appear in the original text. Example:

The theme extends from the beginning of the clause up to (and including) the first element that has a function in transitivity. This element is called the 'topical Theme'; so we can say that the Theme of the clause consists of the topical Theme together with anything else that comes before it. (Halliday 1994:53, my emphasis)

If there is a mistake in the text that you are copying from, you write a [sic!] immediately after the mistake.
If you need to add anything to a quotation (e.g. full noun phrase instead of pronoun) you do so in square brackets.

Making references
When you refer to other people's work without quoting them directly, you insert a reference in brackets. Here are some examples of how you can do it:

The theme is a 'containing inferable' (cf. Prince 1981:236) which is related to the hypertheme of the text, thus preserving the thematic progression of the original. (The reference is given because the term is introduced and explained in that paper.)

However, as has been pointed out in a number of studies (Thompson 1987, Matthiessen and Thompson 1988, Ford 1993), the syntactic subordination entails a backgrounding of an initial clause in relation to the main (or matrix) clause. (The reference is given in order to give examples of writers who have this view, and point the readers to where they can find it.)

Syntactically, one of the most conspicuous differences between English and Norwegian sentence openings is that English has an even greater preference than Norwegian for subjects in initial position, and conversely, that Norwegian has a wider variety of sentence elements in initial position (Hasselgård 1997). (The reference is given because these things are explored in greater detail in that paper.)

Reference list

Referring to books:

Author. Year of publication. Title of book in italics. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example: Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An introduction to functional grammar, 2^nd ed. London: Edward Arnold.

Referring to articles:

Author. Year of publication. "Title of the article with or without quotation marks, but in normal type". In Italicized title of book/journal. Year of publication. pp. x.-x.

Example: Ventola, Eija. 1995. Thematic development and translation. In Ghadessy, Mohsen, (ed.), Thematic development in English texts. London: Pinter, 85-104.

Referring to websites:

Author (if known/relevant). Name of website in italics. Date (if known) . Time of access.

The Internet Grammar of English.< http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/home.htm>. Accessed August 2006.
The Oslo Multilingual Corpus. < http://www.hf.uio.no/ilos/OMC/ >. Accessed August 2006.

Capitalization in titles
It is relatively common, but not obligatory, to capitalize the content words in titles of books and periodicals, less often in titles of articles in books or journals. Whatever you choose, be consistent!

Examples:

The Internet Grammar of English,
Connectors and Sentence Openings in English and Swedish.

NB This is not standard practice with Norwegian titles, which are in lower case.

Example of reference list

Aijmer, Karin. 2002. English Discourse Particles: Evidence from a Corpus. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Baker, Mona. 1992. In other Words. A Coursebook on Translation. London/New York: Routledge.

Davidsen-Nielsen, Niels. 1996. “Discourse Particles in Danish”. In Elisabeth Engberg Pedersen et al (eds.). Content, Expression and Structure: Studies in Danish functional grammar. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 283-314.

Fretheim, Thorstein. 1981. “‘Ego’-dempere og ‘alter’-dempere”. Maal og Minne, 86-100.

Fretheim, Thorstein. 1983. “Perfektum og det temporale ‘DA’ og ‘NÅ’”. Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift 2, 97-113.

Guttu, Tor (ed.). 1995. Aschehoug og Gyldendals store norske ordbok. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget.

Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.

Hasselgård, Hilde. 1996. Where and When: Positional and Functional Conventions for Sequences of Time and Space Adverbials in Present-Day English. Acta Humaniora (Doctoral thesis). Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.

Hasselgård, Hilde. 1997 “Time and space adverbials in English and in Norwegian, with special reference to initial position.” Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift 15, 165–189.

Johansson, Stig. 1998. “On the role of corpora in cross-linguistic research”. In Stig Johansson and Signe Oksefjell (eds.). Corpora and Cross-linguistic Research. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 3-24.

Johansson, Stig and Berit Løken. 1997. “Some Norwegian discourse particles and their English correspondences.” In Carl Bache and Alex Klinge (eds.), Sounds, Structures and Senses. Essays Presented to Niels Davidsen-Nielsen on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday. Odense: Odense University Press, 149-170.

Landrø, Marit Ingebjørg and Boye Wangensteen (eds.). 1993. Bokmålsordboka. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget

Oxford English Dictionary, OED Online . Accessed October 2004.

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, Jan Svartvik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.

Schiffrin, Deborah. 1987. Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Solberg, Torgerd Kristin. 1990. Modalpartikler i norsk. Hovedoppgave (MA thesis), University of Oslo.

Stenström, Anna-Brita. 1994. An Introduction to Spoken Interaction. London: Longman.

Woodford, Kate and Guy Jackson. 2003. Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary on CD -ROM, Version 1.0. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sources of material:

The English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus: <www.hf.uio.no/iba/prosjekt/> Accessed October 2004.

The British National Corpus: <www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/> Accessed October 2004.

The Oslo Corpus of Tagged Norwegian Texts: <www.tekstlab.uio.no/norsk/bokmaal/english.html> Accessed October 2004.